\(\int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx\) [55]

   Optimal result
   Rubi [A] (verified)
   Mathematica [A] (verified)
   Maple [A] (verified)
   Fricas [B] (verification not implemented)
   Sympy [F]
   Maxima [B] (verification not implemented)
   Giac [A] (verification not implemented)
   Mupad [B] (verification not implemented)

Optimal result

Integrand size = 20, antiderivative size = 60 \[ \int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx=-\frac {3 \cot ^2(a+b x)}{16 b}-\frac {\cot ^4(a+b x)}{32 b}+\frac {3 \log (\tan (a+b x))}{8 b}+\frac {\tan ^2(a+b x)}{16 b} \]

[Out]

-3/16*cot(b*x+a)^2/b-1/32*cot(b*x+a)^4/b+3/8*ln(tan(b*x+a))/b+1/16*tan(b*x+a)^2/b

Rubi [A] (verified)

Time = 0.09 (sec) , antiderivative size = 60, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 5, number of rules used = 4, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.200, Rules used = {4373, 2700, 272, 45} \[ \int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx=\frac {\tan ^2(a+b x)}{16 b}-\frac {\cot ^4(a+b x)}{32 b}-\frac {3 \cot ^2(a+b x)}{16 b}+\frac {3 \log (\tan (a+b x))}{8 b} \]

[In]

Int[Csc[a + b*x]^2*Csc[2*a + 2*b*x]^3,x]

[Out]

(-3*Cot[a + b*x]^2)/(16*b) - Cot[a + b*x]^4/(32*b) + (3*Log[Tan[a + b*x]])/(8*b) + Tan[a + b*x]^2/(16*b)

Rule 45

Int[((a_.) + (b_.)*(x_))^(m_.)*((c_.) + (d_.)*(x_))^(n_.), x_Symbol] :> Int[ExpandIntegrand[(a + b*x)^m*(c + d
*x)^n, x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, n}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && IGtQ[m, 0] && ( !IntegerQ[n] || (EqQ[c, 0]
&& LeQ[7*m + 4*n + 4, 0]) || LtQ[9*m + 5*(n + 1), 0] || GtQ[m + n + 2, 0])

Rule 272

Int[(x_)^(m_.)*((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^(n_))^(p_), x_Symbol] :> Dist[1/n, Subst[Int[x^(Simplify[(m + 1)/n] - 1)*(a
+ b*x)^p, x], x, x^n], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, m, n, p}, x] && IntegerQ[Simplify[(m + 1)/n]]

Rule 2700

Int[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^(m_.)*sec[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^(n_.), x_Symbol] :> Dist[1/f, Subst[Int[(1 + x^2)^((
m + n)/2 - 1)/x^m, x], x, Tan[e + f*x]], x] /; FreeQ[{e, f}, x] && IntegersQ[m, n, (m + n)/2]

Rule 4373

Int[((f_.)*sin[(a_.) + (b_.)*(x_)])^(n_.)*sin[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]^(p_.), x_Symbol] :> Dist[2^p/f^p, Int[Cos[a
+ b*x]^p*(f*Sin[a + b*x])^(n + p), x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, f, n}, x] && EqQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && EqQ[d/b, 2]
&& IntegerQ[p]

Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = \frac {1}{8} \int \csc ^5(a+b x) \sec ^3(a+b x) \, dx \\ & = \frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {\left (1+x^2\right )^3}{x^5} \, dx,x,\tan (a+b x)\right )}{8 b} \\ & = \frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {(1+x)^3}{x^3} \, dx,x,\tan ^2(a+b x)\right )}{16 b} \\ & = \frac {\text {Subst}\left (\int \left (1+\frac {1}{x^3}+\frac {3}{x^2}+\frac {3}{x}\right ) \, dx,x,\tan ^2(a+b x)\right )}{16 b} \\ & = -\frac {3 \cot ^2(a+b x)}{16 b}-\frac {\cot ^4(a+b x)}{32 b}+\frac {3 \log (\tan (a+b x))}{8 b}+\frac {\tan ^2(a+b x)}{16 b} \\ \end{align*}

Mathematica [A] (verified)

Time = 0.37 (sec) , antiderivative size = 54, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.90 \[ \int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx=-\frac {4 \csc ^2(a+b x)+\csc ^4(a+b x)+12 \log (\cos (a+b x))-12 \log (\sin (a+b x))-2 \sec ^2(a+b x)}{32 b} \]

[In]

Integrate[Csc[a + b*x]^2*Csc[2*a + 2*b*x]^3,x]

[Out]

-1/32*(4*Csc[a + b*x]^2 + Csc[a + b*x]^4 + 12*Log[Cos[a + b*x]] - 12*Log[Sin[a + b*x]] - 2*Sec[a + b*x]^2)/b

Maple [A] (verified)

Time = 0.69 (sec) , antiderivative size = 62, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.03

method result size
default \(\frac {-\frac {1}{4 \sin \left (x b +a \right )^{4} \cos \left (x b +a \right )^{2}}+\frac {3}{4 \sin \left (x b +a \right )^{2} \cos \left (x b +a \right )^{2}}-\frac {3}{2 \sin \left (x b +a \right )^{2}}+3 \ln \left (\tan \left (x b +a \right )\right )}{8 b}\) \(62\)
risch \(\frac {3 \,{\mathrm e}^{10 i \left (x b +a \right )}-6 \,{\mathrm e}^{8 i \left (x b +a \right )}-2 \,{\mathrm e}^{6 i \left (x b +a \right )}-6 \,{\mathrm e}^{4 i \left (x b +a \right )}+3 \,{\mathrm e}^{2 i \left (x b +a \right )}}{4 b \left ({\mathrm e}^{2 i \left (x b +a \right )}-1\right )^{4} \left ({\mathrm e}^{2 i \left (x b +a \right )}+1\right )^{2}}-\frac {3 \ln \left ({\mathrm e}^{2 i \left (x b +a \right )}+1\right )}{8 b}+\frac {3 \ln \left ({\mathrm e}^{2 i \left (x b +a \right )}-1\right )}{8 b}\) \(123\)

[In]

int(csc(b*x+a)^2*csc(2*b*x+2*a)^3,x,method=_RETURNVERBOSE)

[Out]

1/8/b*(-1/4/sin(b*x+a)^4/cos(b*x+a)^2+3/4/sin(b*x+a)^2/cos(b*x+a)^2-3/2/sin(b*x+a)^2+3*ln(tan(b*x+a)))

Fricas [B] (verification not implemented)

Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 138 vs. \(2 (52) = 104\).

Time = 0.25 (sec) , antiderivative size = 138, normalized size of antiderivative = 2.30 \[ \int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx=\frac {6 \, \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{4} - 9 \, \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{2} - 6 \, {\left (\cos \left (b x + a\right )^{6} - 2 \, \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{4} + \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{2}\right )} \log \left (\cos \left (b x + a\right )^{2}\right ) + 6 \, {\left (\cos \left (b x + a\right )^{6} - 2 \, \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{4} + \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{2}\right )} \log \left (-\frac {1}{4} \, \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{2} + \frac {1}{4}\right ) + 2}{32 \, {\left (b \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{6} - 2 \, b \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{4} + b \cos \left (b x + a\right )^{2}\right )}} \]

[In]

integrate(csc(b*x+a)^2*csc(2*b*x+2*a)^3,x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

1/32*(6*cos(b*x + a)^4 - 9*cos(b*x + a)^2 - 6*(cos(b*x + a)^6 - 2*cos(b*x + a)^4 + cos(b*x + a)^2)*log(cos(b*x
 + a)^2) + 6*(cos(b*x + a)^6 - 2*cos(b*x + a)^4 + cos(b*x + a)^2)*log(-1/4*cos(b*x + a)^2 + 1/4) + 2)/(b*cos(b
*x + a)^6 - 2*b*cos(b*x + a)^4 + b*cos(b*x + a)^2)

Sympy [F]

\[ \int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx=\int \csc ^{2}{\left (a + b x \right )} \csc ^{3}{\left (2 a + 2 b x \right )}\, dx \]

[In]

integrate(csc(b*x+a)**2*csc(2*b*x+2*a)**3,x)

[Out]

Integral(csc(a + b*x)**2*csc(2*a + 2*b*x)**3, x)

Maxima [B] (verification not implemented)

Leaf count of result is larger than twice the leaf count of optimal. 3188 vs. \(2 (52) = 104\).

Time = 0.29 (sec) , antiderivative size = 3188, normalized size of antiderivative = 53.13 \[ \int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx=\text {Too large to display} \]

[In]

integrate(csc(b*x+a)^2*csc(2*b*x+2*a)^3,x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

1/16*(4*(3*cos(10*b*x + 10*a) - 6*cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 2*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) - 6*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 3*cos(2*b*x + 2
*a))*cos(12*b*x + 12*a) + 4*(9*cos(8*b*x + 8*a) + 16*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) + 9*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - 12*cos(2*b*x + 2*
a) + 3)*cos(10*b*x + 10*a) - 24*cos(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 - 4*(22*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) - 12*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - 9*cos(2*
b*x + 2*a) + 6)*cos(8*b*x + 8*a) + 24*cos(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 - 8*(11*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - 8*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) + 1)*co
s(6*b*x + 6*a) - 32*cos(6*b*x + 6*a)^2 + 12*(3*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 2)*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 24*cos(4*b*x + 4*a)^2
- 24*cos(2*b*x + 2*a)^2 + 3*(2*(2*cos(10*b*x + 10*a) + cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) + cos(4*b*x + 4*a
) + 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(12*b*x + 12*a) - cos(12*b*x + 12*a)^2 - 4*(cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*cos(6*b*x + 6*
a) + cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(10*b*x + 10*a) - 4*cos(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 + 2*(4*cos(6*b*x +
 6*a) - cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) + 1)*cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - cos(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 + 8*(cos(4*b*x + 4*a)
 + 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) - 16*cos(6*b*x + 6*a)^2 - 2*(2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(4*b*x + 4
*a) - cos(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 - 4*cos(2*b*x + 2*a)^2 + 2*(2*sin(10*b*x + 10*a) + sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*sin(6*b*x + 6
*a) + sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(12*b*x + 12*a) - sin(12*b*x + 12*a)^2 - 4*(sin(8*b*x + 8*a) -
 4*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(10*b*x + 10*a) - 4*sin(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 + 2*(
4*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) - sin(4*b*x + 4*a) - 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - sin(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 + 8*(sin(4*b
*x + 4*a) + 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) - 16*sin(6*b*x + 6*a)^2 - sin(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 - 4*sin(4*b*x +
4*a)*sin(2*b*x + 2*a) - 4*sin(2*b*x + 2*a)^2 + 4*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*log(cos(2*b*x)^2 + 2*cos(2*b*x)*cos(2*a
) + cos(2*a)^2 + sin(2*b*x)^2 - 2*sin(2*b*x)*sin(2*a) + sin(2*a)^2) - 3*(2*(2*cos(10*b*x + 10*a) + cos(8*b*x +
 8*a) - 4*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) + cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(12*b*x + 12*a) - cos(12*b*x + 12*a
)^2 - 4*(cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) + cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(10*b*x + 10*a)
 - 4*cos(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 + 2*(4*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) - cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) + 1)*cos(8*b*x + 8*a
) - cos(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 + 8*(cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) - 16*cos(6*b*x + 6*a)^
2 - 2*(2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - cos(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 - 4*cos(2*b*x + 2*a)^2 + 2*(2*sin(10*b*x
+ 10*a) + sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(12*b*x + 12*a) -
sin(12*b*x + 12*a)^2 - 4*(sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(1
0*b*x + 10*a) - 4*sin(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 + 2*(4*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) - sin(4*b*x + 4*a) - 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(8*
b*x + 8*a) - sin(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 + 8*(sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) - 16*sin(6*b*x +
6*a)^2 - sin(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 - 4*sin(4*b*x + 4*a)*sin(2*b*x + 2*a) - 4*sin(2*b*x + 2*a)^2 + 4*cos(2*b*x + 2*a)
- 1)*log(cos(b*x)^2 + 2*cos(b*x)*cos(a) + cos(a)^2 + sin(b*x)^2 - 2*sin(b*x)*sin(a) + sin(a)^2) - 3*(2*(2*cos(
10*b*x + 10*a) + cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) + cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(12*b*x
 + 12*a) - cos(12*b*x + 12*a)^2 - 4*(cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) + cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*cos(2*b*x +
2*a) - 1)*cos(10*b*x + 10*a) - 4*cos(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 + 2*(4*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) - cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - 2*cos(2*b*x
 + 2*a) + 1)*cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - cos(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 + 8*(cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(6*b*x +
 6*a) - 16*cos(6*b*x + 6*a)^2 - 2*(2*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - cos(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 - 4*cos(2*b*x
 + 2*a)^2 + 2*(2*sin(10*b*x + 10*a) + sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*sin(2*b*x +
 2*a))*sin(12*b*x + 12*a) - sin(12*b*x + 12*a)^2 - 4*(sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + sin(4*b*x + 4*a)
 + 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(10*b*x + 10*a) - 4*sin(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 + 2*(4*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) - sin(4*b*x + 4*a)
- 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - sin(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 + 8*(sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(6*
b*x + 6*a) - 16*sin(6*b*x + 6*a)^2 - sin(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 - 4*sin(4*b*x + 4*a)*sin(2*b*x + 2*a) - 4*sin(2*b*x +
2*a)^2 + 4*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 1)*log(cos(b*x)^2 - 2*cos(b*x)*cos(a) + cos(a)^2 + sin(b*x)^2 + 2*sin(b*x)*sin(a
) + sin(a)^2) + 4*(3*sin(10*b*x + 10*a) - 6*sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 2*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) - 6*sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 3*sin
(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(12*b*x + 12*a) + 4*(9*sin(8*b*x + 8*a) + 16*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + 9*sin(4*b*x + 4*a) - 12*sin(
2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(10*b*x + 10*a) - 24*sin(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 - 4*(22*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) - 12*sin(4*b*x + 4*a) - 9*
sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(8*b*x + 8*a) + 24*sin(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 - 8*(11*sin(4*b*x + 4*a) - 8*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(
6*b*x + 6*a) - 32*sin(6*b*x + 6*a)^2 + 24*sin(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 + 36*sin(4*b*x + 4*a)*sin(2*b*x + 2*a) - 24*sin(2
*b*x + 2*a)^2 + 12*cos(2*b*x + 2*a))/(b*cos(12*b*x + 12*a)^2 + 4*b*cos(10*b*x + 10*a)^2 + b*cos(8*b*x + 8*a)^2
 + 16*b*cos(6*b*x + 6*a)^2 + b*cos(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 + 4*b*cos(2*b*x + 2*a)^2 + b*sin(12*b*x + 12*a)^2 + 4*b*sin(
10*b*x + 10*a)^2 + b*sin(8*b*x + 8*a)^2 + 16*b*sin(6*b*x + 6*a)^2 + b*sin(4*b*x + 4*a)^2 + 4*b*sin(4*b*x + 4*a
)*sin(2*b*x + 2*a) + 4*b*sin(2*b*x + 2*a)^2 - 2*(2*b*cos(10*b*x + 10*a) + b*cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*b*cos(6*b*x +
 6*a) + b*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*b*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - b)*cos(12*b*x + 12*a) + 4*(b*cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*b*cos(6*
b*x + 6*a) + b*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*b*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - b)*cos(10*b*x + 10*a) - 2*(4*b*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) - b*c
os(4*b*x + 4*a) - 2*b*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) + b)*cos(8*b*x + 8*a) - 8*(b*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*b*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) -
b)*cos(6*b*x + 6*a) + 2*(2*b*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - b)*cos(4*b*x + 4*a) - 4*b*cos(2*b*x + 2*a) - 2*(2*b*sin(10*b*x
 + 10*a) + b*sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*b*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + b*sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*b*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(12*b*x +
 12*a) + 4*(b*sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 4*b*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + b*sin(4*b*x + 4*a) + 2*b*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(10*b*x
+ 10*a) - 2*(4*b*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) - b*sin(4*b*x + 4*a) - 2*b*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(8*b*x + 8*a) - 8*(b*sin(4*b
*x + 4*a) + 2*b*sin(2*b*x + 2*a))*sin(6*b*x + 6*a) + b)

Giac [A] (verification not implemented)

none

Time = 0.33 (sec) , antiderivative size = 74, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.23 \[ \int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx=-\frac {\frac {6 \, \sin \left (b x + a\right )^{4} - 3 \, \sin \left (b x + a\right )^{2} - 1}{{\left (\sin \left (b x + a\right )^{2} - 1\right )} \sin \left (b x + a\right )^{4}} + 6 \, \log \left (-\sin \left (b x + a\right )^{2} + 1\right ) - 12 \, \log \left ({\left | \sin \left (b x + a\right ) \right |}\right )}{32 \, b} \]

[In]

integrate(csc(b*x+a)^2*csc(2*b*x+2*a)^3,x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

-1/32*((6*sin(b*x + a)^4 - 3*sin(b*x + a)^2 - 1)/((sin(b*x + a)^2 - 1)*sin(b*x + a)^4) + 6*log(-sin(b*x + a)^2
 + 1) - 12*log(abs(sin(b*x + a))))/b

Mupad [B] (verification not implemented)

Time = 0.21 (sec) , antiderivative size = 82, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.37 \[ \int \csc ^2(a+b x) \csc ^3(2 a+2 b x) \, dx=\frac {3\,\ln \left ({\sin \left (a+b\,x\right )}^2\right )}{16\,b}-\frac {3\,\ln \left (\cos \left (a+b\,x\right )\right )}{8\,b}+\frac {\frac {3\,{\cos \left (a+b\,x\right )}^4}{16}-\frac {9\,{\cos \left (a+b\,x\right )}^2}{32}+\frac {1}{16}}{b\,\left ({\cos \left (a+b\,x\right )}^6-2\,{\cos \left (a+b\,x\right )}^4+{\cos \left (a+b\,x\right )}^2\right )} \]

[In]

int(1/(sin(a + b*x)^2*sin(2*a + 2*b*x)^3),x)

[Out]

(3*log(sin(a + b*x)^2))/(16*b) - (3*log(cos(a + b*x)))/(8*b) + ((3*cos(a + b*x)^4)/16 - (9*cos(a + b*x)^2)/32
+ 1/16)/(b*(cos(a + b*x)^2 - 2*cos(a + b*x)^4 + cos(a + b*x)^6))